No one can be right or wrong about how to celebrate Lent, I realised the other day.

Lent is a church tradition, not something instituted by Jesus or the apostles. So we’re all in the same boat, theologically speaking, of needing to figure out how Lenten practices might sensibly and meaningfully connect us to God in significant ways.

The oldest churches – the Eastern Orthodox and the (Western) Roman Catholic – have church-wide practices that all the faithful are called to adopt, according to their health and stamina, for the several weeks leading up to Easter. But even the Roman Catholic practices have changed significantly even over the last century, so there’s more conceptual room than usual for people to decide for themselves what would make most sense for them.

If, like me, you’re outside those historical traditions, you have full freedom to take on whatever Lenten practice you like. Well, that’s great. But as I’ve been considering various options for me and my family, I’ve got myself a bit tangled when it comes to this basic question: what’s the point of Lent?

Growing up surrounded by a range of Protestants following different traditions, the vague understanding I had in my twenties was that fasting in Lent (from television or chocolate, usually) was something to do with entering into Christ’s suffering. But I was never quite convinced. Going without junk food or alcohol isn’t very close to betrayal, flogging, and crucifixion.

I’ve also been wary of fasts that have mixed motives. If I adopted a healthier diet by cutting out animal products or junk food, for instance, I would get the suspiciously convenient benefit of weight-loss. I’d find it genuinely hard to know if I was wanting to be closer to Jesus or closer to my ideal BMI.

Then there’s the time-frame. If I were going to give up booze, gossip or comics for forty days, to focus more on Christ, then why not permanently?

I have a high need for things to make sense – at least to me. So after doing some research (going beyond Wikipedia, even, to actual books!), this mini-series leading up to Lent itself is an outline of what I’ve gleaned about how Christians have thought about Lenten practices over the last 2000 years. On the way, I’m going to try and distill some guiding principles for my own decisions this Lent. Feel free to argue with me!

Fasting in the Old Testament

Lent is of course a Jesus-based, New Testament kind of thing, but given how closely Lent and fasting go together, it’s worth a look at what the Jewish practice of fasting was all about at the time Jesus was in Israel.

Here’s the biggest theological risk I see in fasting without being clear of why: modern fasting often turns into an attempt to manipulate God.

‘If I fast,’ we think, ‘I’ll show God that I’m really committed to what I’m praying about, and God will have to respond. If I don’t fast, maybe God won’t feel like helping me.’

When it’s spelt out like that, most of us will wince a bit. Not only is that kind of thinking unhelpful, it turns out it has nothing to do with what fasting was about in the Old Testament.

As I said last year, around this time, Scot McKnight is an expert on Israel in the time of Jesus, and has written a brilliant, down-to-earth book on the ancient practice of fasting. He says on his blog:

What is fasting?

Try defining it, and I’ll make a suggestion. Go ahead — in your mind define it.

Here’s my suggestion: If, in defining fasting, we are tempted to define fasting as something we do “in order to” get something, I suggest we need to look again at the deepest wells of the Christian fasting tradition: the Bible. In Fasting: The Ancient Practices  I suggest that in the Christian tradition we somehow got sidetracked.

We turned fasting into an instrument for personal spiritual formation, and in doing so lost one of its — if not the — key element. Fasting is not so instrumental in the Bible as it is responsive. So…

Instead of seeing fasting as a discipline we use, do, or practice “in order to” get answers to prayers, “in order to” become more attuned to God, or “in order to” become more spiritual, the Bible’s focus is on fasting as a response to life’s sacred, grievous moments. If in defining fasting you get quickly to the “in order” element… I suggest look again at the Bible.

[read more at JesusCreed – what follows in the rest of his blog post is a tidy summary of the book.]

In the Old Testament, and in the time of Jesus, fasting was a whole-body, natural response to a ‘sacred, grievous moment’. That’s something worth holding onto as we consider our modern practice.

The cornerstone Old Testament text for guiding fasting has to be this one from Isaiah:

⁶ Is not this the fast that I choose:

to loose the bonds of injustice,

to undo the thongs of the yoke,

to let the oppressed go free,

and to break every yoke?

⁷ Is it not to share your bread with the hungry,

and bring the homeless poor into your house;

when you see the naked, to cover them,

and not to hide yourself from your own kin?

(Isaiah 58:6-7)

As Scot McKnight says in the intro to his book:

Fasting, like other spiritual practices, easily drifted into self-righteousness and self-absorption among ancient Israelites. If fasting did not lead to compassion for others, God revealed through the prophet Isaiah, then it was falling apart before it did its work.

…

Every generation needs an Isaiah to stand in the middle of the action and say, ‘Hey, folks, this isn’t about us! What we give up when we fast should be given to others.’

So here are two enduring lessons to learn from the Old Testament on fasting, I reckon (and we’ll add to this list through this series):

Guiding Principles for Modern Lenten Practice

1. Fasting is a response, not a means to an end.
2. Fasting needs to be connected to acts of compassion and generosity.

The next post will pick up at the time of Jesus and explore the beginnings of the early Christian practice of fasting before Easter. In the meantime, I’d love to hear your thoughts.

What have you grown up thinking or practising when it comes to fasting or Lent or both?

What do you think now?

What do you think of what Scot McKnight says?

The next post in this series is Jesus and the Early Church, and the series list is here.

I’m preparing a Lent series for the blog, and now for a few friends’ churches, that is inspired by how my family celebrated Advent. Check it out here, and please feel free to let me know what you think, and what I can add or subtract. 

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